Restricting Internet access to prescription drugs involves instituting laws pharmacids policies that place numerous limits on online pharmacies, including restrictions on the sale and purchase of controlled drugs.
Pharmadies conducting business on the Internet, individuals who purchase prescription drugs online. State and federal regulation of Internet pharmacies. Food and Drug Administration. Foreman, R. The marketing of opioid medications without prescription over the Internet. Journal of Public Policy pprescription Marketing25 2— Fung, C. Controversies and legal oline of prescribing and online pharmacies no prescription medications using the Internet.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings79 2— National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Home Services Resources. Restricting Internet Access to Prescription Drugs Description Restricting Internet access to prescription drugs involves instituting laws and policies that place numerous limits on online pharmacies, including restrictions on the sale and purchase of controlled drugs. The U. All prescribers and dispensers of controlled drugs must register with the DEA, and the DEA is authorized to enforce the lawful administration of controlled drugs.
Second, the physician denied the patient additional tramadol because the doctor incorrectly believed the pain was managed to the extent possible ie, inadequate pain management. Prescrption, the online pharmacies no prescription was reluctant to prescribe opioid analgesics, even a weak one such as tramadol, at sufficient levels to adequately relieve pain due to the inherent fear of iatrogenic dependence.
At this time, it is unclear which of these was the strongest motivation to use NPOPs, but lack of access to appropriate medical treatment appears to be a major factor. This should not be surprising given the well-documented regional, social, and economic differences in access to medical care in the United States [ 56 - 59 ]. It is also possible that some NPOP users, while initially using tramadol for therapeutic purposes, had predisposing factors that led to the development of tramadol misuse or abuse.
This euphorigenic use, a health outcome itself, would have led to higher dosages and increased frequency of use, playing prescriptioh role in the higher rates of adverse events. In a physician-patient relationship, however, a doctor may have recognized predisposing factors for misuse and not prescribed an opioid analgesic or, if already prescribed, recognized the signs of abuse and misuse and switched from tramadol to a less addictive drug.
Although we used tramadol as a prototype in these studies, there is no reason to believe pharnacies different results would be observed with dozens of equally accessible prescription drugs obtained through NPOPs that are used without the oversight of a physician.
The dangers of pdescription and other adverse events with these medications, especially when little to no information about contraindicated medications and medical conditions is included with purchase, have the potential to be more clinically significant with other medications than those we observed prescripiton tramadol.
Pharmaceis such, the geometric growth in the use of online pharmacies around the world, both legitimate and illegitimate, should prompt intense medical and regulatory discussion about their role, if any, in the provision of medical care.
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Currently there are several bills and regulations being discussed to control the use of online pharmacies, some of which ban the use of those located outside of the United States [ 2223 ], but the following two factors need to be considered. First, the passage of online pharmacy regulations that promote verification programs [ 24 ], licensure and location disclosures [ 3 ], standardized criteria for Internet-based prescriptions [ 60 - 61 ], and a more thorough analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of online health care services eg, the ability of online pharmacies to detect interactions between medications instantly [ 5 ] may help integrate online pharmacies into health care utilization models.
The reality, however, is that regulating these legitimate online pharmacies is likely to have no effect on those using NPOPs. These users have already turned their back on typical medical channels and seem to be able to quickly adapt to any change in access to online pharmacies eg, shift of NPOPs to foreign countriesand no amount of regulatory oversight would likely change their drug-purchasing behaviors.
Second, so long as a licensed doctor provides a prescription and the pharmacy verifies the legitimacy of the prescription, it would be inappropriate, perhaps unethical, to online pharmacies no prescription a patient from shopping around to find the most economical and convenient means of filling their prescriptions.
Whether this doctor-patient relationship needs to be on a physical basis merits further discussion. Research has shown that email and virtual consultations are just as good, if not better, at capturing patient information necessary for health care decisions [ 2162 ]. Because of aggressive marketing and bo strategies, as well as the recent shift in patients becoming more involved in their own health care decisions, people using online pharmacies online pharmacies no prescription in danger of unconsciously transforming from patients to consumers, and then back to patients again when they suffer from adverse effects from the use of the drug [ 1363 - 64 ].
Patients should be aware of the real possibility that while offshore pharmacies may be cheaper and easier to use, the on,ine received may not be what was advertised. For this reason, recent US Food and Drug Administration FDA and WHO reports have advocated global drug safety, including international cooperation regarding the regulation of online phzrmacies [ 1131 ].
Such an effort is badly needed because if one country attempts to ban online pharmacies, most users will simply try a website from another country. Clearly, in addition to regulatory activity, educational efforts are needed to ensure that patients and physicians understand the positive and negative aspects of online pharmacies. Perhaps most importantly, more research is needed to better understand the motivations of people who, despite the availability of legitimate online pharmacies, continue to seek medications using NPOPs.
Inherent in this study are all of the limitations typical of epidemiological and survey research, most notably generalizability and veracity of information gathered.
With regard to the latter, most studies indicate that the results obtained from self-administered surveys are comparable to pharmaces elicited by trained interviewers. In our study, there were no right or wrong answers. There was no incentive or need to lie about any information onlinw respondents were paid for their participation regardless of their answers. In terms of a biased sample, mo is true that our subjects might have greater economic status and certainly more computer literacy than the average person, but these users would most likely to be exposed to advertisements touting online pharmacies.
Our data suggest that online pharmacies may have a role in supplying prescribed medications because they are convenient and may charge less than traditional brick-and-mortar pharmacies. However, from a public health perspective, the potential benefits of online medical care need to be balanced against the use of unregulated pharmacies that could sell counterfeit or adulterated drugs and the dangers inherent in self-medication without any physician supervision.
This study was financed with institutional funds and was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Washington University in St.
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Health Outcomes in Patients Using No-Prescription Online Pharmacies to Purchase Prescription Drugs
Original Paper. Louis Campus Box S. Euclid Ave. Table 1. Prescri;tion and health information for traditional and nontraditional users. Table 2. Tramadol use among traditional and nontraditional users. Quality of global e-pharmacies: can we safeguard consumers?
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Restricting Internet Access to Prescription Drugs | Prevention [email protected]
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If an illegitimate pharmacy offers prescription medications at a deep Additionally, in those online pharmacies where no physician is. Objective: This study focused on the motivations for using no-prescription online pharmacies (NPOPs) to purchase prescription drugs rather.Fed Regist Apr 6;74 64 Prescription drugs purchased through the internet: who are the end users? Drug Alcohol Depend Jul 1; Prescription opioid abuse among enrollees into methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend Sep 6;90 1 Impact of Internet pharmacy regulation pharmacied opioid analgesic availability. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Internet-based prescription of sildenafil: a patient series.
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Regulation of Internet Pharmacies: A Continuing Challenge - PMC
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No Prescription Needed?
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“No prescription” websites are online venders that sell prescription drugs (particularly opioids and other controlled drugs) without a valid prescription. Offer to dispense prescription-only medications without a valid order from a licensed prescriber. Deliver medications that are of unknown quality or origin or.